Introduction

Interstitial Lung Disease (ILD) encompasses a diverse range of lung conditions characterized by thickening of the interstitium, which can result from inflammation, scarring, or excess fluid (edema). The interstitium, a lace-like network extending throughout both lungs, provides support to the alveoli, the lungs’ microscopic air sacs. Within this network, thin blood vessels facilitate the exchange of gases between blood and air. Typically, the interstitium is too thin to be visible on CT scans or chest X-rays.

Diagnosis and Treatment

Treatment for ILD is tailored based on diagnosis and may vary accordingly. Recurrent hospitalizations for respiratory issues are common occurrences, often linked with mortality. The highly proficient physicians at Metro Centre for Respiratory Diseases specialize in diagnosing and treating respiratory conditions, including Asthma, Bronchitis, Emphysema, Complicated Chest Infections, and Lung Cancer.

Early diagnosis and treatment of ILD are crucial to prevent respiratory failure.Regardless of the cause, treatment objectives include:

• Reducing inflammation and preventing further lung scarring, • Addressing the underlying cause, • Managing potential complications, and • Improving or maintaining the individual’s quality of life.

Medications

Medication-based ILD treatment aims to enhance breathing, reduce inflammation, and modulate immune system hyperactivity. Treatment falls into two categories depending on the underlying cause: anti-inflammatories or anti-fibrotics. For ILD mediated by known inflammatory or autoimmune responses, immuno suppressants or anti-inflammatory medications may be beneficial. Identifying and avoiding exposure to triggering agents is crucial. FDA-approved medications such as Ofev (nintedanib) and Esbriet (pirfenidone) are specifically used in treating idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis.

Oxygen Therapy

ILD can lead to decreased blood oxygen levels. Some patients may require continuous oxygen therapy, while others may only need it during specific activities or sleep. Supplemental oxygen can alleviate strain on the heart and lungs, improve symptoms of breathlessness and fatigue, and enhance blood oxygen levels.

Pulmonary Rehabilitation

Pulmonary rehabilitation aims to optimize functioning by incorporating education,breathing techniques, exercise conditioning, energy conservation strategies, nutritional guidance, respiratory therapy assessment, and psychosocial support.

Lung Transplant

In severe cases where irreversible lung damage occurs, lung transplantation may be recommended. Advanced surgical techniques and post-transplant care can offer improved quality of life and increased survival rates for selected patients.

Recovery

Response to treatment varies widely. Some forms of ILD may respond quickly to a specific treatment, while others may not respond at all. Treatment is considered
successful if it stabilizes symptoms, physiological markers, and radiographic findings.