Capsule Endoscopy

By Dr. Vishal Khurana in GI Surgery Gastroenterology

Nov 2, 2018

Capsule Endoscopy – A Revolutionary Diagnostic Procedure

What is Capsule Endoscopy?

Capsule Endoscopy is an advanced, non-invasive diagnostic procedure that involves swallowing a small video capsule, approximately the size of a large vitamin pill. This capsule is equipped with a tiny camera and light source, enabling a detailed examination of the small intestine, a region of the digestive tract that is not easily accessible with conventional endoscopy techniques such as upper endoscopy or colonoscopy. The procedure is purely diagnostic, meaning that it does not allow for biopsy or therapeutic interventions.

How Does Capsule Endoscopy Work?

Once swallowed, the capsule travels naturally through the digestive tract, capturing thousands of images of the small intestine. These images are transmitted in real-time to a recording device worn on a belt around the patient’s waist. The data is later downloaded and analyzed by a gastroenterologist to detect abnormalities.

Why is Capsule Endoscopy Done?

Capsule endoscopy is primarily used to evaluate the small intestine for various medical conditions, including:

• Unexplained gastrointestinal bleeding
• Polyps in the small intestine
• Inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s disease)
• Small intestine tumors
• Ulcers and abnormal growths

This method is especially useful when other diagnostic techniques like upper GI endoscopy, colonoscopy, or enteroscopy fail to provide a conclusive diagnosis.

Preparation for Capsule Endoscopy

To ensure a clear and accurate examination, patients are advised to follow these preparation guidelines:

• Fasting for 12 hours before the procedure.
• Bowel preparation may be required, depending on the doctor’s recommendation.
• Patients should avoid certain medications that may interfere with the study, as directed by their physician.

Procedure: How is Capsule Endoscopy Performed?

1. The patient swallows the pill-sized capsule with water.
2. Small sensor patches (like ECG leads) are attached to the patient’s abdomen.
3. The sensors are connected to a Data Recorder worn around the waist.
4. As the capsule moves through the digestive tract, it captures and transmits high-resolution images.
5. After approximately eight hours, the patient returns to the hospital for the removal of the sensors and recording device.
6. The disposable capsule exits naturally through the stool, and patients are advised to monitor its passage and inform their physician.
7. MRI scans should be avoided until the capsule has completely passed from the body.

Benefits of Capsule Endoscopy

• Non-invasive and painless procedure
• No sedation required
• Real-time imaging of the small intestine
• Minimal discomfort compared to traditional endoscopy
• No hospital stay required; patients can continue daily activities
• No exposure to harmful radiation

Capsule endoscopy is particularly beneficial for patients who cannot tolerate traditional endoscopic methods or require further evaluation after an inconclusive gastroduodenoscopy, colonoscopy, or enteroscopy.

What Happens After Capsule Endoscopy?

• Clear liquids can be consumed two hours after ingestion of the capsule.
• A soft diet is allowed after four hours, unless otherwise instructed by the doctor.
• Patients can resume normal activities but should avoid strenuous physical activity during the test period.

Possible Complications of Capsule Endoscopy

While complications are rare, they can occur. The most common issue is capsule retention, which happens in about 1-2% of cases. The capsule may become stuck in a narrowed area of the digestive tract, particularly in patients with:

• Crohn’s disease
• Previous abdominal surgery

In such cases, an abdominal X-ray may be needed to determine whether the capsule has passed into the large intestine. Additional medical intervention may be required to retrieve the capsule if necessary.

Alternative to Capsule Endoscopy

For patients who are unable to undergo capsule endoscopy, an alternative diagnostic method is Balloon Endoscopy (Single/Double Balloon). However, this procedure is:

• More invasive
• Requires sedation
• Has a higher risk of complications

Expert Consultation

Dr. Vishal Khurana
MBBS, MD, DM (Gastroenterology), MNAMS
Senior Consultant – Gastroenterology
Metro Hospital, Faridabad

For appointments or more information about Capsule Endoscopy at Metro Hospital, Faridabad, contact us today!