Stomach Cancer in Women vs. Men: Are There Differences in Risk?

By Dr. Amit Jain in GI Surgery

Nov 22, 2024

Stomach Cancer in Women vs. Men: Are There Differences in Risk?

Stomach cancer, also known as gastric cancer, is a significant global health issue and one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths. While both men and women can develop stomach cancer, research indicates that there are notable differences in the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes between the two genders. Understanding these differences is essential for early detection, prevention, and treatment strategies tailored to each group.

Incidence and Risk

One of the most striking differences between men and women in relation to stomach cancer is the incidence rate. Stomach cancer is generally more common in men than in women. According to global statistics, men are approximately two to three times more likely to develop stomach cancer than women. This gender disparity holds true across different age groups, though the incidence increases in both genders with age, particularly for those over 50.

The reasons behind this gender difference are not entirely clear but are believed to be related to a combination of biological, lifestyle, and environmental factors. For instance, men tend to have higher rates of smoking and alcohol consumption, both of which are well-established risk factors for stomach cancer. These lifestyle habits, along with other factors, may contribute to the higher rates of the disease in men.

Risk Factors in Men and Women

While the general risk factors for stomach cancer are similar in both men and women, certain factors may affect each gender differently.

1. Helicobacter pylori Infection:

Chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori), a bacterium that causes stomach ulcers, is a major risk factor for stomach cancer. Studies have shown that men are more likely to have a history of H. pylori infection than women, potentially contributing to their higher risk of developing stomach cancer. However, women who are infected with H. pylori may experience more severe complications from the infection, including the development of gastric cancer.

2. Dietary Factors:

Men and women also differ in their dietary habits, which can influence stomach cancer risk. Men tend to have diets that are higher in salt, smoked meats, and processed foods, all of which are linked to an increased risk of stomach cancer. Women, on the other hand, may have diets that include more fruits and vegetables, which may offer some protective benefits. However, women who consume high amounts of pickled foods or foods rich in nitrates may still be at an elevated risk.

3. Genetic and Hormonal Factors:

Genetic mutations and hormonal differences also play a role in gender differences in stomach cancer. Research suggests that the CDH1 gene mutation, which increases the risk of hereditary diffuse gastric cancer, may be more prevalent in men. Hormonal differences, particularly the protective effects of estrogen in women, may also play a role in the lower incidence of stomach cancer in females before menopause. After menopause, however, this protective effect may diminish, leading to a rise in stomach cancer incidence among women.

4. Smoking and Alcohol:

Men are more likely to engage in smoking and alcohol consumption, both of which are significant risk factors for stomach cancer. These behaviors contribute to the higher rate of stomach cancer in men. Although smoking is also a risk factor for women, it is more strongly linked to an increased risk in men, suggesting that gender-specific biological differences might influence the impact of these habits.

Symptoms and Diagnosis

The symptoms of stomach cancer are generally the same for both men and women, including persistent abdominal pain, indigestion, nausea, unexplained weight loss, and difficulty swallowing. However, women may experience more subtle or nonspecific symptoms, which can lead to delays in diagnosis. As a result, women may be diagnosed at a later stage of the disease, which can impact the treatment outcomes.

Prognosis and Outcomes

The prognosis for stomach cancer is generally poor, especially if diagnosed at an advanced stage. However, studies suggest that women may have a slightly better survival rate than men. This could be due to earlier detection in women, as they tend to seek medical attention more promptly than men. Additionally, hormonal differences, including the protective effects of estrogen, may contribute to better outcomes in women, though more research is needed to fully understand these differences.