Understanding Preeclampsia: Symptoms, Risk Factors, and Treatment

By Dr. Satwika Dey in Obstetrics & Gynaecology

May 23, 2023

Pregnancy is an exciting and transformative time in a woman’s life. However, it’s important to be aware of potential complications that can arise. One such condition is preeclampsia, a pregnancy-related disorder characterized by high blood pressure and damage to organs, typically affecting the mother after 20 weeks of gestation. In this blog, we will delve into preeclampsia, its symptoms, risk factors, and available treatments, aiming to provide you with a comprehensive understanding of this condition.

What is Preeclampsia? Preeclampsia is a condition that affects expectant mothers and is marked by high blood pressure (hypertension) and signs of damage to other organ systems, commonly the liver and kidneys. It is a serious condition that requires medical attention, as it can lead to complications for both the mother and the baby.

Symptoms of Preeclampsia:

• High Blood Pressure:A significant increase in blood pressure is a primary characteristic of preeclampsia. Blood pressure readings consistently above 140/90 mmHg are a cause for concern.
• Proteinuria: This refers to the presence of excess protein in the urine, indicating potential kidney damage. It can be detected through a simple urine test.
• Swelling: Swelling, particularly in the hands, face, and feet, is common in pregnancy. However, sudden or severe swelling may be an indicator of preeclampsia.
• Headaches:Persistent headaches, often accompanied by visual disturbances such as blurred vision or seeing spots, may be indicative of preeclampsia.
• Abdominal Pain: Severe pain in the upper right abdomen, just below the ribcage, can be a sign of liver involvement in preeclampsia.
• Risk Factors for Preeclampsia: While the exact cause of preeclampsia is unknown, certain risk factors increase the likelihood of developing the condition. These include:
• First-time pregnancy or having a new partner: Women experiencing their first pregnancy or those with a new partner are at a higher risk.
• Previous history of preeclampsia: Women who have previously had preeclampsia are more likely to develop it in subsequent pregnancies.
• Age and weight: Being younger than 20 or older than 40, as well as having a body mass index (BMI) over 30, can increase the risk.
• Existing medical conditions: Chronic hypertension, kidney disease, diabetes, and autoimmune disorders can contribute to the development of preeclampsia.
• Complications of Preeclampsia: Preeclampsia can lead to various complications that can pose risks to both the mother and the baby. Some of the common complications associated with preeclampsia include:
• Eclampsia: Eclampsia is a severe complication of preeclampsia characterized by seizures. These seizures can be life-threatening for both the mother and the baby. Immediate medical attention is required in such cases.
• HELLP Syndrome: HELLP syndrome is a condition that involves a combination of three liver-related problems: Hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), Elevated Liver enzymes, and Low Platelet count. It is a severe form of preeclampsia that can lead to liver damage, bleeding problems, and other complications.
• Organ Damage:  Preeclampsia can cause damage to vital organs such as the liver, kidneys, and brain. This can result in liver dysfunction, kidney failure, stroke, or other neurological issues.
• Placental Abruption: Preeclampsia increases the risk of placental abruption, where the placenta separates from the uterus before delivery. This can cause heavy bleeding and deprive the baby of oxygen and nutrients.
• Restricted Fetal Growth: Preeclampsia can affect the placenta’s ability to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the growing baby, leading to restricted fetal growth (intrauterine growth restriction). This can result in a low birth weight baby.
• Preterm Birth: In some cases, preeclampsia may necessitate the delivery of the baby before full term to protect the mother’s health or prevent further complications. Premature babies may face various health challenges due to their underdeveloped organs and systems.
• Long-term Health Risks: Women who have had preeclampsia are at increased risk of developing high blood pressure, cardiovascular disease, and kidney disease later in life. It is important for them to monitor their health and manage any potential long-term risks.

It’s crucial for pregnant women to be aware of the potential complications associated with preeclampsia and seek immediate medical attention if they experience any concerning symptoms. Regular prenatal care and close monitoring by healthcare professionals can help in early detection and appropriate management of preeclampsia to minimize the risk of complications.

• Treatment and Management of Preeclampsia: Preeclampsia is a condition that requires close monitoring and medical intervention. The treatment and management options include:
• Regular prenatal care: Early detection through regular check-ups is crucial for identifying preeclampsia and initiating appropriate treatment.
• Blood pressure monitoring:  Frequent blood pressure checks allow healthcare providers to monitor and manage hypertension.
• Medications: Depending on the severity of the condition, medications may be prescribed to lower blood pressure and prevent complications.
• Rest and lifestyle modifications: Adequate rest, reduced salt intake, and increased water consumption are often recommended to manage preeclampsia.
• Delivery of the baby: In severe cases, delivery may be the most effective treatment, even if it means delivering the baby prematurely.

Conclusion:

Preeclampsia is a serious condition that can impact the health of both mother and baby. By being aware of the symptoms, risk factors, and available treatments, expectant mothers can take proactive steps to mitigate the risks associated with preeclampsia. Regular prenatal care, blood pressure.