Spinal Compression Fractures Treatment in Noida, Delhi, India

Overview

A spinal compression fracture occurs when one or more vertebrae (spinal bones) collapse or are compressed. Although any vertebra can be affected, the mid-spine (thoracic region) is most commonly impacted. This condition predominantly affects women, with about 25% of women over the age of 50 experiencing compression fractures. In individuals over 80, nearly half may suffer from such fractures.

Anatomy Affected by Spinal Compression Fractures

The vertebrae, or spinal bones, are the primary structures involved in compression fractures. These bones bear the weight of the body and help maintain spinal alignment. When they weaken, collapse, or compress, it can lead to significant pain and other complications.

Alternate Names for Spinal Compression Fractures

• Vertebral fracture
• Wedge fracture
• Osteoporotic fracture

Causes of Spinal Compression Fractures

Several factors can lead to spinal compression fractures:

• Osteoporosis: The most common cause, especially in the elderly. As bones become brittle, simple movements like bending, twisting, or sneezing can lead to fractures.
• Trauma: Serious accidents or falls can cause compression fractures, even in people without osteoporosis.
• Cancer: Spinal compression fractures may also occur when cancer metastasizes to the spine. Tumors can weaken vertebrae, leading to fractures, especially in younger individuals without trauma.

Symptoms of Spinal Compression Fractures

The symptoms can range from mild discomfort to severe pain, depending on the extent of the fracture. Some common symptoms include:

• Sudden, intense back pain, typically between the upper back and shoulders
• Difficulty walking or standing due to pain
• Reduced spinal flexibility, limiting bending or twisting
• Hunched posture
• Numbness or weakness in the legs if spinal nerves are pinched
• Loss of bladder or bowel control in more severe cases

• Height loss due to spinal compression
• Relief of pain when lying down, with worsening pain while standing or walking

Diagnosing Spinal Compression Fractures

Several diagnostic tests can confirm the presence and severity of spinal compression fractures:

• X-ray: Helps identify vertebral collapse and any associated injuries.
• CT Scan: Provides a detailed image of the fractured vertebrae and surrounding nerves.
• MRI: Offers a thorough examination of spinal discs, nerves, and soft tissues.
• DEXA Scan: Measures bone density, aiding in diagnosing osteoporosis or other bone-weakening conditions.

Treatment Options for Spinal Compression Fractures

Treatment plans are individualized based on the fracture’s severity, the patient’s overall health, and the symptoms experienced. The primary goals are to stabilize the spine, alleviate pain, and prevent future fractures. Common treatment options include:

• Back Brace: Helps support the spine and reduces pain by limiting movement.
• Medication: Includes bone-strengthening agents like bisphosphonates or calcium supplements and pain relief medications such as anti-inflammatory drugs or muscle relaxants.
• Minimally Invasive Surgery: Procedures like kyphoplasty and vertebroplasty help restore spinal height, stabilize the fractured vertebrae, and alleviate pain.

Risk Factors for Spinal Compression Fractures

Certain individuals are at higher risk of spinal compression fractures, including:

• Those with a history of previous spinal compression fractures
• Elderly individuals, particularly those over 80
• Post-menopausal women, especially those with osteoporosis

Complications of Spinal Compression Fractures

Without proper treatment, spinal compression fractures can lead to several complications, including:

• Chronic pain in the lower back & extremities
• Persistent spinal deformity (such as a hunched back)
• Impaired lung, heart, and digestive function due to spinal curvature
• Delayed or incomplete healing, resulting in additional vertebral damage or nerve compression

Preventing Spinal Compression Fractures

While not all spinal compression fractures are preventable, certain lifestyle changes can reduce the risk:

• Primary Prevention: Maintain a diet rich in calcium and Vitamin D, avoid smoking and limit alcohol consumption to preserve bone health.
• Secondary Prevention: After a fracture, lifestyle modifications such as increased physical activity, weight loss, and reviewing medications can reduce the risk of recurrence.

Natural Progression of Spinal Compression Fractures

The progression of spinal compression fractures includes gradual spinal deformity, pain, and loss of height. A minimum height loss of 4 cm often qualifies as a compression fracture. These changes typically occur within the first six months after the fracture.

Epidemiology of Spinal Compression Fractures

Spinal compression fractures are most common in older adults and postmenopausal women. Approximately 40% of individuals aged 80 and older experience spinal compression fractures, with about 25% of postmenopausal women affected.

Prognosis for Spinal Compression Fractures

Recovery from spinal compression fractures may take several months. During this period, it is essential for patients to take prescribed medications, rest adequately, and limit physical activity. Since individuals with osteoporosis are at higher risk of subsequent fractures, it’s crucial to monitor bone health closely.

Pathophysiology of Spinal Compression Fractures

Spinal compression fractures result in several physiological changes, including:

• Loss of vertebral height and spinal deformity
• Increased susceptibility to fractures in nearby vertebrae
• Chronic muscle spasms and pain
• In advanced cases, there may be a loss of bladder or bowel control.

Conclusion

Spinal compression fractures, while common among the elderly and those with osteoporosis, can be effectively managed with timely diagnosis and treatment. By adopting preventive measures and following treatment guidelines, individuals can reduce the risk of future fractures and improve their quality of life.