Mouth Cancer Treatment in Noida, Delhi, India

Overview

Mouth cancer, also known as oral cancer, is a type of tumor that can develop in any part of the mouth. This includes the surface of the tongue, the roof of the mouth, inside the cheeks, the lips, or gums. Mouth cancer occurs when cells in the mouth grow uncontrollably, leading to the formation of tumors. These tumors can spread to nearby tissues, including the skin around the mouth, and may also affect salivary glands or tonsils, although these occurrences are less common. Individuals who smoke or consume alcohol excessively are at a higher risk of developing mouth cancer.

Types of Mouth Cancer

Mouth cancer is classified based on the type of cell where the cancer begins. The most common type of mouth cancer is Squamous Cell Carcinoma, but other types also exist, each with unique characteristics:

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

Over 90% of mouth cancer cases are squamous cell carcinoma. These are flat, thin cells found in the tissues lining the mouth and other parts of the body, such as the skin. Squamous cell carcinoma often affects areas frequently exposed to the sun, including the face, neck, and ears.

Oral Malignant Melanoma

This type of cancer develops in pigment-producing cells responsible for skin color and can occur in the skin or inside the oral or nasal cavity.

Lymphoma

Lymphoma typically originates in the cells found in lymph glands but can also develop in the oral cavity.

Causes of Mouth Cancer

The primary causes of mouth cancer include tobacco use and alcohol consumption, both of which contain carcinogenic chemicals that damage DNA in cells, leading to cancer. Other risk factors include:

• Smoking or chewing tobacco
• Excessive alcohol consumption
• Human papillomavirus (HPV) infection
• Poor diet and nutrition

Diagnosis of Mouth Cancer

Diagnosis begins with a physical examination and may involve several diagnostic tests if mouth cancer is suspected. These tests include:

1. Biopsy

A sample of affected tissue is taken and examined under a microscope by a pathologist. Methods of biopsy include:

• Incision Biopsy: A small section of the affected tissue is removed under local anesthesia, typically from areas like the tongue or inside the cheek.
• Punch Biopsy: A smaller tissue sample is removed without the need for stitching.
• Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology (FNAC): Used when there is a lump in the neck, a small needle extracts a sample of cells and fluid to check for cancer.
• Fibre Optic Nasopharyngoscopy: A thin, flexible tube with a camera is inserted into the nose to examine the nose and throat.
• Panendoscopy: A similar procedure to nasendoscopy but with a larger tube for better access.
• Imaging Tests

To determine the stage of cancer, imaging tests like X-rays, ultrasounds, CT scans, MRI scans, and PET scans may be conducted.

Staging and Grading of Mouth Cancer

Staging and grading help determine the extent of cancer and its aggressiveness:

• Staging: Uses the TNM system, where:
• T is the measurement of how big the cancer.
• N indicates if cancer has spread to nearby lymph nodes.
• M indicates if cancer has metastasized to other parts of the body.
• Grading: Describes how aggressive the cancer is likely to be, with grades ranging from low (slow-growing) to high (aggressive).

Mouth Cancer Treatment

The primary goal of treatment is to preserve the mouth’s functions, such as speaking and eating. Treatment options include:

Surgery

Removal of the cancerous cells and some surrounding healthy tissue to prevent further spread.

Radiotherapy

Also known as radiation therapy, it uses ionizing radiation to control or kill cancerous cells and is often used in the early stages or after surgery to prevent recurrence.

Chemotherapy

A drug treatment that uses powerful chemicals to kill rapidly growing cancer cells. It is often combined with surgery and radiotherapy for optimal outcomes.

Risk Factors of Mouth Cancer

Mouth cancer is the 6th most common cancer worldwide. Men are at a higher risk due to higher rates of smoking and drinking. Long-standing wounds, broken teeth, ulcers, or wounds on the tongue can increase the risk. Oral hygiene also plays a crucial role in mouth cancer risk.

Prevention of Mouth Cancer

Preventive measures include:

• Quitting smoking and tobacco use
• Reducing or eliminating alcohol consumption
• Eating a balanced diet rich in fruits and vegetables
• Regular dental checkups, especially for smokers and drinkers, as early detection can significantly improve outcomes.

Complications of Mouth Cancer

Complications from mouth cancer and its treatment can include changes in appearance and difficulties with speaking and swallowing. Despite efforts to preserve mouth function, these complications may still occur.

Prognosis of Mouth Cancer

The prognosis for mouth cancer depends on the location and extent of the cancer. Early-stage cancers, especially those affecting the tongue, lip, or oral cavity, have a higher chance of complete recovery. Even in advanced stages, improvements in surgical techniques, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy have led to better recovery rates.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q1. Is Mouth Cancer treatable?

Yes, if diagnosed early and confined to the mouth or oropharynx, surgery alone may lead to complete recovery. If the cancer has spread, a combination of treatments may be necessary.

Q2. What is the typical recovery time after Mouth Cancer surgery?

The length of recovery depends on the severity of the operation done. Most patients typically need several weeks to recover fully. However, advanced reconstructive techniques can significantly shorten recovery time, even in more complex cases.

Q3. Can Mouth Cancer treatment affect speaking & eating abilities?

Yes, treatment can impact speaking and eating, depending on the location and size of the cancer and the type of treatment received.

Q4. Can Mouth Cancer spread to other parts of the body?

Yes, it can spread to lymph nodes, lungs, bones, and other areas.

Q5. Can Mouth Cancer recur after treatment?

There is a risk of recurrence, which depends on factors like the stage and aggressiveness of the original cancer and the treatment administered.